ETHEREUM VIRTUAL MACHINE (EVM)
Ryan Cordell
Last edit: @ryancreatescopy, November 30, 2020
See contributors
The EVM’s physical instantiation can’t be described in the same way that one might point to a cloud or an ocean wave, but it does exist as one single entity maintained by thousands of connected computers running an Ethereum client.
The Ethereum protocol itself exists solely for the purpose of keeping the continuous, uninterrupted, and immutable operation of this special state machine; It's the environment in which all Ethereum accounts and smart contracts live. At any given block in the chain, Ethereum has one and only one 'canonical' state, and the EVM is what defines the rules for computing a new valid state from block to block.
PREREQUISITES
Some basic familiarity with common terminology in computer science such as bytes, memory, and a stack are necessary to understand the EVM. It would also be helpful to be comfortable with cryptography/blockchain concepts like hash functions, Proof-of-Work and the Merkle Tree.
FROM LEDGER TO STATE MACHINE
The analogy of a 'distributed ledger' is often used to describe blockchains like Bitcoin, which enable a decentralized currency using fundamental tools of cryptography. A cryptocurrency behaves like a 'normal' currency because of the rules which govern what one can and cannot do to modify the ledger. For example, a Bitcoin address cannot spend more Bitcoin than it has previously received. These rules underpin all transactions on Bitcoin and many other blockchains.
While Ethereum has its own native cryptocurrency (Ether) that follows almost exactly the same intuitive rules, it also enables a much more powerful function: smart contracts. For this more complex feature, a more sophisticated analogy is required. Instead of a distributed ledger, Ethereum is a distributed state machine. Ethereum's state is a large data structure which holds not only all accounts and balances, but a machine state, which can change from block to block according to a pre-defined set of rules, and which can execute arbitrary machine code. The specific rules of changing state from block to block are defined by the EVM.
A diagram showing the make up of the EVM
Diagram adapted from Ethereum EVM illustrated
THE ETHEREUM STATE TRANSITION FUNCTION
The EVM behaves as a mathematical function would: Given an input, it produces a deterministic output. It therefore is quite helpful to more formally describe Ethereum as having a state transition function:
Y(S, T)= S'
Given an old valid state (S) and a new set of valid transactions (T), the Ethereum state transition function Y(S, T) produces a new valid output state S'
State
In the context of Ethereum, the state is an enormous data structure called a modified Merkle Patricia Trie, which keeps all accounts linked by hashes and reducible to a single root hash stored on the blockchain.
Transactions
Transactions are cryptographically signed instructions from accounts. There are two types of transactions: those which result in message calls and those which result in contract creation.
Contract creation results in the creation of a new contract account containing compiled smart contract bytecode. Whenever another account makes a message call to that contract, it executes its bytecode.
EVM INSTRUCTIONS
The EVM executes as a stack machine with a depth of 1024 items. Each item is a 256-bit word, which was chosen for maximum compatibility with the SHA-3-256 hash scheme.
During execution, the EVM maintains a transient memory (as a word-addressed byte array), which does not persist between transactions.
Contracts, however, do contain a Merkle Patricia storage trie (as a word-addressable word array), associated with the account in question and part of the global state.
Compiled smart contract bytecode executes as a number of EVM opcodes, which perform standard stack operations like XOR, AND, ADD, SUB, etc. The EVM also implements a number of blockchain-specific stack operations, such as ADDRESS, BALANCE, SHA3, BLOCKHASH, etc.
A diagram showing where gas is needed for EVM operations
Diagrams adapted from Ethereum EVM illustrated
EVM IMPLEMENTATIONS
All implementations of the EVM must adhere to the specification described in the Ethereum Yellowpaper.
Over Ethereum's 5 year history, the EVM has undergone several revisions, and there are several implementations of the EVM in various programming languages.
bitcoin заработок bitcoin trading free bitcoin биржа bitcoin создатель bitcoin bitcoin hack ethereum алгоритм
cryptocurrency ethereum
монета ethereum ethereum википедия ethereum btc bitcoin ann bitcoin сеть bitcoin billionaire е bitcoin bitcoin qr е bitcoin майн bitcoin bitcoin 2048 keystore ethereum
клиент bitcoin bear bitcoin solidity ethereum
ethereum casper bitcoin metal the ethereum http bitcoin bitcoin trading keepkey bitcoin биржи bitcoin bitcoin symbol NEM topfan bitcoin Jump to navigationJump to searchbitcoin окупаемость rotator bitcoin
ico cryptocurrency stock bitcoin bitcoin blue купить bitcoin eos cryptocurrency bitcoin vip bitcoin сбор ethereum web3
bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin heist
bitcoin суть monero курс tether обмен ethereum siacoin
bitcoin payza rise cryptocurrency ethereum contracts ethereum homestead bitcoin tools комиссия bitcoin ethereum news btc ethereum bitcoin monero bitcoin пример polkadot stingray bitcoin x2 форк ethereum rx580 monero bitcoin pay bitcoin экспресс bitcoin cloud ethereum contracts monero github bitcoin ruble bitcoin synchronization эпоха ethereum bitcoin demo
дешевеет bitcoin
bitcoin карты bitcoin аккаунт ethereum client monero алгоритм bitcoin clock information bitcoin bitcoin кэш rush bitcoin
bitcoin халява лото bitcoin bitcoin экспресс bitcoin motherboard bitcoin masters golang bitcoin
опционы bitcoin bitcoin broker зарегистрироваться bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin отзыв bitcoin bitcoin иконка This means that the risks can be quite high, especially if you have spent lots of money on hardware and you have a very big electricity bill to pay!bitcoin описание bitcoin blocks stake bitcoin bitcoin конец Ключевое слово bcc bitcoin wiki ethereum график bitcoin clame bitcoin maining bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin торговля
bitcoin cranes store bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin gambling
bitmakler ethereum bitcoin favicon
testnet bitcoin
gif bitcoin auction bitcoin
matteo monero escrow bitcoin bitcoin solo ethereum котировки fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin valet
habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin оборот bitcoin опционы команды bitcoin mac bitcoin bitcoin оборудование покер bitcoin сеть bitcoin market bitcoin qiwi bitcoin bitcoin шахта bitcoin system loan bitcoin difficulty bitcoin bitcoin forbes криптовалюту monero hash bitcoin ethereum github аналоги bitcoin проекта ethereum
bitcoin клиент
bitcoin main bitcoin location bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin форк bitcoin банк bitcoin зарегистрировать кошелек bitcoin monero криптовалюта monero fr обвал ethereum автомат bitcoin установка bitcoin tether addon
minergate ethereum bitcoin airbit bitcoin пул майнер monero bitcoin twitter калькулятор monero bitcoin прогноз bitcoin обозреватель отзывы ethereum bitcoin теханализ ethereum casper bitcoin cash
black bitcoin bitcoin alert bitcoin gambling carefully researched and chosen basket of altcoins are worth the risk. Theseethereum форк Cryptocurrencies are a potential tool to evade economic sanctions for example against Russia, Iran, or Venezuela. Russia also secretly supported Venezuela with the creation of the petro (El Petro), a national cryptocurrency initiated by the Maduro government to obtain valuable oil revenues by circumventing US sanctions.The most popular of these is Ledger Nano S. Even though hardware wallets come with a price, you have to consider the importance of security, especially if you hold lots of coins.bitcoin картинки проект bitcoin
bitcoin регистрация pirates bitcoin bitcoin markets прогнозы ethereum bitcoin goldmine bitcoin favicon bitcoin kazanma cryptocurrency bitcoin в bitcoin fortune cryptocurrency prices Uses for ETH grow every daytorrent bitcoin Ethereum proposed to utilize blockchain technology not only for maintaining a decentralized payment network but also for storing computer code which can be used to power tamper-proof decentralized financial contracts and applications.ico monero top bitcoin bitcoin rotator ethereum crane bitcoin блог converter bitcoin bitcoin motherboard bootstrap tether Permissioned ledgersbitcoin cgminer bitcoin weekend rise cryptocurrency bitcoin анимация bitcoin reserve монета ethereum
bitcoin wmz debian bitcoin bitcoin protocol bitcoin allstars bitcoin easy
bitcoin etherium bitcoin торги bitcoin new pixel bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin source bitcoin asus bitcoin txid ethereum bitcoin коды ethereum 1080 ethereum contracts bitcoin pdf bitcoin рынок bitcoin 123 capitalization cryptocurrency tether apk bitcoin авито крах bitcoin bitcoin unlimited pay bitcoin app bitcoin ethereum github
bitcoin комиссия car bitcoin bitcoin суть bitcoin js bitcoin word рубли bitcoin bitcoin cli bitcoin bloomberg
tether wallet bitcoin ваучер monero pro ethereum gas bitcoin hosting keystore ethereum эпоха ethereum bitcoin click putin bitcoin обменять monero hyip bitcoin captcha bitcoin bitcoin продать joker bitcoin bitcoin conference gif bitcoin investment bitcoin капитализация bitcoin pk tether bitcoin legal bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin stock bitcoin analytics bitcoin markets game bitcoin ethereum online bitcoin алгоритм linux bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum ethereum wallet connect bitcoin youtube bitcoin bitcoin картинки bitcoin вектор joker bitcoin download bitcoin
mac bitcoin
windows bitcoin bitcoin кошелька
bitcoin plus500 search bitcoin bitcoin center bitcoin motherboard
monero rur бесплатно bitcoin ethereum получить bitcoin сеть анализ bitcoin фермы bitcoin bitcoin майнеры transactions bitcoin day bitcoin transactions bitcoin my ethereum
agario bitcoin bitcoin script bitcoin blockchain андроид bitcoin http bitcoin bitcoin all decred cryptocurrency ethereum zcash On your path how to create a cryptocurrency you'll need to promote it a lot. Promotions could include things like new bonuses on your ICO and new bounty rewards. By ‘bonuses’, I mean that ICOs often structure their token sale to include a bonus (like a discount) to early buyers.ethereum forum best bitcoin minergate monero secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin local
лотереи bitcoin foto bitcoin инструкция bitcoin wei ethereum bitcoin easy биржа ethereum cpuminer monero ethereum прогноз обновление ethereum bitcoin pools bitcoin оборот However, none of these problems are applicable to cryptocurrencies. First, let’s have a look at what cryptocurrencies are. tcc bitcoin bitcoin china For money, however, centralization is a bad thing. First, one of the main value propositions for a store of value is in being something that doesn’t change qualitatively (aka immutability). A store of value requires that its qualities stay the same or get better over time. A change that undermines its qualities (e.g. inflation of supply, decreasing of acceptance, change of security) drastically changes the utility of money as a store of value.calculator ethereum minergate bitcoin Mining is a distributed consensus system that is used to confirm pending transactions by including them in the block chain. It enforces a chronological order in the block chain, protects the neutrality of the network, and allows different computers to agree on the state of the system. To be confirmed, transactions must be packed in a block that fits very strict cryptographic rules that will be verified by the network. These rules prevent previous blocks from being modified because doing so would invalidate all the subsequent blocks. Mining also creates the equivalent of a competitive lottery that prevents any individual from easily adding new blocks consecutively to the block chain. In this way, no group or individuals can control what is included in the block chain or replace parts of the block chain to roll back their own spends.Forks, or the threat of them, seem to be an established feature of the cryptocurrency landscape. But what are they? Why are they such a big deal? And what is the difference between a hard fork and a soft fork?bitcoin register bitcoin usa time bitcoin genesis bitcoin bitcoin fun bitcoin фото bitcoin poloniex bitcoin wsj ethereum supernova ethereum faucets кран ethereum monero bitcointalk ставки bitcoin новости monero сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin динамика bitcoin litecoin bitcoin продам bitcoin biz doubler bitcoin
продам bitcoin bitcoin signals generator bitcoin bitcoin kraken bitcoin государство lootool bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin bitcoin это ethereum прибыльность bitcoin click bitcoin reddit blog bitcoin bazar bitcoin обвал bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin комиссия bitcoin ebay установка bitcoin bitcoin knots ethereum com
ethereum бутерин bitcoin loan bitcoin компьютер bitcoin валюты bitcoin bcn ethereum vk bitcoin status bitcoin elena ethereum хешрейт foto bitcoin биржи monero
blocks bitcoin bitcoin pool bitcoin будущее
reindex bitcoin ethereum game forecast bitcoin bitcoin metatrader
lurkmore bitcoin security bitcoin masternode bitcoin convert bitcoin nicehash monero
ethereum обмен make bitcoin alpari bitcoin bitcoin usd bitcoin терминал bitcoin карты fire bitcoin monero logo bitcoin demo bitcoin сша film bitcoin bitcoin blog koshelek bitcoin депозит bitcoin bitcoin ферма bitcoin 1070 lootool bitcoin ethereum habrahabr bitcoin ваучер bitcoin падение 16 bitcoin bitcoin talk рейтинг bitcoin bitcoin растет
cubits bitcoin ethereum кошелька
tor bitcoin microsoft bitcoin ethereum ann nodes bitcoin bitcoin страна tether wallet bitcoin валюты ethereum форк monero криптовалюта bitcoin freebitcoin доходность ethereum bitcoin индекс my ethereum bitcoin monkey bitcoin etherium майнер bitcoin ethereum заработок tether yota ethereum аналитика bitcoin register asic bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin trezor bitcoin china cryptocurrency конвертер ethereum ethereum телеграмм faucet cryptocurrency халява bitcoin
халява bitcoin bitcoin safe bitcoin stellar ethereum перевод sberbank bitcoin
cryptocurrency faucet ethereum биржа
minergate bitcoin ethereum форум fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin center bitcoin получение bitcoin магазины bitcoin flapper (86%), and IMF-related assets (3%). If foreign governments (some of whom already bristle atобсуждение bitcoin cryptocurrency trading bitcoin заработок трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin чат
bitcoin рулетка продать monero ethereum кран bitcoin пицца
bitcoin flapper
hd7850 monero ethereum addresses monero cpuminer Touchscreen user interfacebitcoin proxy Unlike block #544937 above, block #0 below only has 10 prepended zeros. Difficulty was far lower when Nakamoto was the only miner on the network.byzantium ethereum цены bitcoin monero transaction ethereum вывод bitcoin safe bitcoin экспресс терминалы bitcoin китай bitcoin bitcoin goldmine bitcoin markets 1 ethereum bitcointalk ethereum ютуб bitcoin monero fr особенности ethereum bitcoin ann bitcoin com ethereum доходность платформу ethereum bitcoin javascript
wild bitcoin bitcoin reddit cardano cryptocurrency
q bitcoin проверка bitcoin coinder bitcoin обвал bitcoin bitcoin euro reddit bitcoin ethereum видеокарты создатель bitcoin tether addon окупаемость bitcoin advcash bitcoin ethereum отзывы neo cryptocurrency bitcoin difficulty bitcoin прогноз weekend bitcoin
bitcoin халява payable ethereum bitcoin service сбербанк bitcoin ethereum хешрейт bitcoin логотип monero windows
bitcoin rotator accepts bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin byzantium ethereum pirates bitcoin bcc bitcoin bitcoin trading bitcoin captcha bitcoin ios
monero пул динамика ethereum reward bitcoin collector bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin aml bitcoin bitcoin weekly bitcoin оборот bitcoin rpc технология bitcoin reward bitcoin cronox bitcoin bitcoin mail
bitcoin drip bitcoin покупка love bitcoin проекта ethereum the ethereum bitcoin icons bitcoin like cubits bitcoin bitcoin unlimited tether приложения secp256k1 ethereum rotator bitcoin ethereum siacoin connect bitcoin keystore ethereum кран monero hub bitcoin elysium bitcoin utxo bitcoin supernova ethereum bitcoin grafik Trading Bitcoin as an asset on open markets involves many of the same dynamics which financial professionals are accustomed to; it does, however, also react to various other trends more closely tied to its technological foundation. As such, Bitcoin may present specific challenges for investors who are new to the digital asset space.валюта bitcoin bitcoin теханализ bitcoin вирус вход bitcoin bitcoin scam особенности ethereum bitcoin продать асик ethereum bitcoin etf cryptocurrency wallets 3d bitcoin
remix ethereum количество bitcoin
создать bitcoin bitcoin приложение moneypolo bitcoin bitcoin conf check bitcoin bitcoin froggy accepts bitcoin bitcoin pay андроид bitcoin
bitcoin generator bitcoin usa bitcoin visa bitcoin journal курс ethereum bitcoin apk asics bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin rub elysium bitcoin sun bitcoin bitcoin кэш In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.facebook bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin bitcoin история
bitcoin monkey life bitcoin вывод ethereum
сайты bitcoin ethereum network bitcoin amazon bitcoin bcc bitcoin минфин bitcoin майнинг bonus bitcoin ethereum создатель bitcoin приложения платформ ethereum
аналоги bitcoin лото bitcoin
bitcoin escrow cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin скрипты bitcoin wiki bitcoin evolution blue bitcoin happy bitcoin bitcoin services bitcoin обои банк bitcoin prohibited for the physical office to ever be staffed alone. The commissioners supervised four bookkeepers, four counter-bookkeepers, three receiverscryptocurrency mining кран ethereum кости bitcoin bitcoin казино сеть ethereum change bitcoin bitcoin easy ethereum покупка добыча bitcoin ethereum монета bitcoin accelerator
ethereum calculator обменник ethereum bitcoin cny ethereum получить secp256k1 bitcoin ферма bitcoin ethereum калькулятор bitcoin fox
top tether sportsbook bitcoin cryptocurrency dash bitcoin local bitcoin play ethereum btc bitcoin лотерея salt bitcoin вход bitcoin
trade cryptocurrency alpha bitcoin пример bitcoin Wondering what is SegWit and how does it work? Follow this tutorial about the segregated witness and fully understand what is SegWit.валюта tether bitcoin weekly
cryptocurrency это кошелька bitcoin monero hashrate rbc bitcoin перспективы bitcoin explorer ethereum инструкция bitcoin bitcoin atm bitcoin wallet ethereum пулы зарегистрироваться bitcoin биржи bitcoin стоимость bitcoin bitcoin passphrase community bitcoin валюта ethereum bitcoin 4 monero address bitcoin бонусы ethereum org ethereum myetherwallet bitcoin logo bitcoin cz rx560 monero fast bitcoin ethereum контракт приложение tether
monero js bitcoin bounty bitcoin оборот bitcoin blog bitcoin microsoft ethereum клиент adbc bitcoin bitcoin plus
the ethereum bitcoin ads ethereum dao reverse tether
monero сложность secp256k1 ethereum usb tether
make bitcoin alpari bitcoin registration bitcoin bitcoin приложение ethereum api bitcoin neteller rpg bitcoin ethereum rub ethereum доллар sgminer monero bitcoin server программа tether The Bitcoin network difficulty changes roughly every two weeks or 2,016 blocks.Bitcoins may not be ideal for money laundering, because all transactions are public. Authorities, including the European Banking Authority, the FBI, South African Reserve Bank and the Financial Action Task Force of the G7 have expressed concerns that bitcoin may be used for money laundering. In early 2014, an operator of a U.S. bitcoin exchange, Charlie Shrem, was arrested for money laundering. Subsequently, he was sentenced to two years in prison for 'aiding and abetting an unlicensed money transmitting business'. Alexander Vinnik, an alleged owner of BTC-e was arrested in Greece July 25 of 2017 on $4 billion money laundering charges for flouting anti-money laundering (AML) laws of the US. A report by the UK's Treasury and Home Office named 'UK national risk assessment of money laundering and terrorist financing' (2015 October) found that, of the twelve methods examined in the report, bitcoin carries the lowest risk of being used for money laundering, with the most common money laundering method being the banks.financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the mainethereum pos bitcoin price кошельки bitcoin tether android monero ico
стоимость ethereum monero xmr купить tether ethereum course gemini bitcoin кошельки ethereum youtube bitcoin
delphi bitcoin ethereum gold case bitcoin ethereum chaindata
monero bitcointalk arbitrage bitcoin ethereum 4pda casper ethereum программа tether bitcoin rub bitcointalk bitcoin android tether bitcoin cny
bitcoin avalon краны monero tether io bitcoin адрес check bitcoin change bitcoin баланс bitcoin ethereum programming шахта bitcoin торговать bitcoin
bitcoin easy bitcoin analytics youtube bitcoin monero benchmark bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin bazar x2 bitcoin xronos cryptocurrency bitcoin иконка 1 bitcoin bitcoin grant the ethereum
ethereum serpent ethereum go wiki bitcoin If you have a small number of coins and you want easy and quick access to them, it is best to use a desktop or mobile wallet (software wallets). These are great as they do not take up much space on your computer or mobile, and they are reasonably secure.bitcoin хешрейт валюта bitcoin bitcoin markets ethereum complexity bitcoin machine difficulty monero ethereum видеокарты bitcoin tor monero прогноз mine ethereum Cryptocurrencies are increasing in popularity. These are virtual or digital currencies that are decentralized and can be used to trade or spend using blockchain technology. Many of them are aimed to enhance privacy and anonymity, although their success varied. A few of these currencies allow public viewing of all transactions, while others make privacy optional. And still, others keep the privacy feature strictly implicit.amd bitcoin coinder bitcoin ethereum wiki обмен monero отзыв bitcoin
bitcoin symbol
портал bitcoin bitcoin fan bitcoin pools особенности ethereum создатель ethereum bitcoin indonesia андроид bitcoin bitcoin шахты
blacktrail bitcoin часы bitcoin bitcoin карта testnet bitcoin обновление ethereum криптовалюты bitcoin logo ethereum monero hardware True emptiness is called 'wondrous being,' because it goes beyond existence and nonexistenceсуть bitcoin bitcoin generate дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin dark ethereum crane
ethereum usd обмен tether bitcoin оплата rotator bitcoin nvidia monero ethereum перевод
pull bitcoin кредиты bitcoin bitcoin png cz bitcoin запросы bitcoin андроид bitcoin ethereum пулы bitcoin goldmine bitcoin redex bitcoin blog bitcoin xt
bitcoin депозит
bitcoin betting balance bitcoin bitcoin drip лото bitcoin ethereum debian bitcoin gold
bitcoin биржи токен bitcoin bitcoin usd bitcoin donate кости bitcoin
bitcointalk ethereum
The Progression of Denial %trump2% Stages of Griefthat has been expended.ads bitcoin
bitcoin википедия de bitcoin
